Article suitable for wiping hard surfaces

ABSTRACT

An article is disclosed which is suitable for wiping hard surfaces such as glass to give a streak-free finish. The article comprises a substrate (preferably paper or non-woven fabric) carrying a homogeneous aqueous composition having a surface tension below 45 mNm -1  and which on drying does not form discrete droplets or particles larger than 0.25 μm. The liquid composition advantageously includes a (preferably nonionic) surface-active agent and a partially esterified resin such as a partially esterified styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer. The article may be wet (for example, coated or impregnated with the liquid composition) or dry up to the point of use (for example, the liquid may be within pressure-rupturable microcapsules). Preferably the article is produced by a process which includes prewashing the substrate to remove any potentially streak-forming impurities.

The present invention relates to an article suitable for wiping a hard glossy surface to give a substantially streak-free result. The article of the invention is in the form of a substrate, for example, a sponge, sheet or pad, carrying a liquid composition which when applied to the surface and allowed to dry leaves the surface substantially free of streaks. The article of the invention may, for example, be used for wiping the various reflective surfaces encountered in the home such as glass (windows and mirrors), wall and floor tiles, linoleum and other floor coverings, gloss paintwork, and kitchen and bathroom furniture and fittings. It is also useful for wiping car windows, especially the windscreen.

Various compositions have been proposed for cleaning hard surfaces. There are usually provided in the form of a particulate composition, from which the user prepares an aqueous solution, or in the form of a liquid composition which contains a suitable solvent, such as water or an organic solvent, or a mixture of these. These liquids can be applied either neat or in the form of a more dilute solution. However, despite the fact that many of such general-purpose cleaning compositions often satisfactorily remove soil and dirt from hard surfaces, they often leave behind residues once the solvent medium has evaporated during the drying of the cleaned surface. It is often necessary for the surface to be immediately dried and polished using a dry cloth. If the surface is left to dry naturally it presents residues, visible as dull streaks, instead of the bright, shining surface that the consumer wants to see.

When the consumer applies such a composition to a surface by means, for example, of a cloth or tissue, there is an opportunity for the composition to be contaminated by impurities present on the cloth or tissue; such impurities can be left on the surface as streaks. If the user has to prepare the composition himself by diluting a concentrate, there is a further opportunity for contamination from the vessel (e.g. a bucket) in which the mixing is done; furthermore, if hard water is used for the dilution, the water hardness provides a further source of streaking. Thus, even when the cleaning composition itself is formulated so as to give a streak-free result under optimum conditions, it is frequently impossible to achieve a streak-free surface in practice.

According to the invention there is provided an article suitable for wiping hard surfaces to give a substantially streak-free result, the article comprising

(a) a flexible substrate substantially free of streak-forming impurities, carrying

(b) a homogeneous aqueous liquid composition having a surface tension of less than 45 mNm⁻¹, preferably less than 35 mNm⁻¹, which composition, when applied to a surface and allowed to dry, dries substantially without forming discrete droplets or particles larger than 0.25 μm.

The formation of discrete droplets or particles larger than 0.25 μm on drying causes scattering of visible light (wavelength 0.4-0.7 μm), which is perceived by the eye as streaking.

Preferably the liquid composition dries substantially without forming discrete droplets or particles larger than 0.1 μm.

The article of the invention has the major advantage that it can be applied directly to the surface to be cleaned; a lightly soiled surface need only be wiped over with the article of the invention and then allowed to dry. No additional liquid and no cloths or tissues are required; thus contamination by streak-forming impurities is eliminated. The article of the invention is highly suitable for wiping lightly soiled surfaces, such as mirrors, kitchen unit doors or glass-topped tables, to leave them shining and streak-free.

The article of the invention comprises a substrate carrying a liquid composition, and it may conveniently take the form of an absorbent substrate impregnated with the liquid composition. The substrate may be, for example, a sponge or pad, or a flat flexible sheet of paper or woven, knitted or nonwoven fabric. If in sheet form, the substrate may consist of just a single layer, or it may be in the form of a laminate, for example as disclosed in EP No. 14501, EP No. 1849 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,276,338 (Proctor & Gamble) or EP No. 6647 (Buckeye Cellulose Corporation). The substrate, if multilayer, may if desired include an inner layer of material impermeable to the liquid composition, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,178,407 (Proctor & Gamble).

If a single layer sheet substrate is used, it is preferably of paper (which must of course, have sufficient wet strength) or of nonwoven fabric. The base weight of the substrate is preferably from 20 to 100 g/m².

Preferably the substrate is not so open in structure that contact can occur in use between the fingers and the surface being wiped, such contact can cause streaking because of contamination by sebum or greasy soil from the hand. The higher the base weight, the more porous the structure can be without allowing hand contact. Wet-laid nonwoven fabrics, which include paper, are preferred in this regard as they are generally made from relatively short fibres and the process of manufacture tends to lead to compaction. Low base weight nonwoven fabrics made by air laying or carding, which are generally made from longer fibres and have higher porosities, are more susceptible to the hand interference problem, but the problem can be circumvented with these materials by using larger area substrates which will always be folded or balled by the consumer before use.

The area of the substrate is preferably at least 0.03 m², more preferably at least 0.08 m², for a material not susceptible to the hand interference problem, for example, a creped wet-strength paper. For a low base weight porous nonwoven fabric, an area of at least 0.1 m² is preferred.

The minimum quantity of liquid that can be carried by an absorbent substrate is determined by its capacity to hold onto liquid within its fibre structure under typical hand wiping pressures; this is termed the (water) retention value. This liquid is not available for cleaning the surface. The maximum quantity of liquid that can be carried is determined by the total capacity of the substrate to carry water without dripping into its packaging or container. The liquid available for cleaning the surface is, of course, the difference between these maximum and minimum capacities.

Advantageously the substrate has a maximum water capacity of from 1.5 to 15 g/g, and its retention value is preferably at least 0.25 g/g, more preferably from 0.5 to 1.0 g/g.

The total loading of the liquid composition on the substrate in the article of the invention is preferably within the range of from 0.5 to 10 grams per gram of substrate, more preferably from 1.0 to 2.0 grams per gram. For a substrate in sheet form, the loading in practice preferably amounts to from 5.0 to 3.0 times the base weight of the substrate, preferably 1.0 to 2.5 times the base weight and desirably 1.5 to 2.0 times the base weight.

Some examples of commercially available substrates suitable for use in the article of the invention are shown in Table 1. Of those materials, Gessner Duftex 04 (a wet-strength paper), Storalene 544-50 (a wet-laid nonwoven fabric) and Dexter R 196-G5343 (a wet-laid nonwoven fabric) are especially preferred; these materials all have nominal base weights of 50 g/m².

It is an essential feature of the invention that the substrate be substantially free of streak-forming impurities which might be leached out by the liquid composition and deposited on the wiped surface as streaks. Some substrates may inherently be free of such impurities; many papers or nonwoven fabrics, however, contain binders and some of these can cause streaking problems. Traces of bonding agent, size, clays, fluorescers, fibre lubricants, emulsifiers or other processing materials may also be present in papers and nonwoven fabrics and these can also cause streaking.

                                      TABLE 1                                      __________________________________________________________________________                                  Water                                                    Base              Water                                                                              reten-                                                   wt.               capac-                                                                             tion                                                                               Trade Name                                    Substrate                                                                             (g/               ity value                                                                              (*denotes                                     type   m.sup.2)                                                                          Fibre mix                                                                              Binder type                                                                           (g/g)                                                                              (g/g)                                                                              Trademark)                                                                              Manufacturer                         __________________________________________________________________________     Wet-strength                                                                          50 softwood pulp                                                                          crosslinked                                                                           3.0 1.0 Gessner* Duftex*                                                                        Gessner (Germany)                    creped paper      katpoly-       04                                                              alkylimine                                                   Wet-strength                                                                          85 softwood pulp                                                                          melamine                                                                              2.7 1.1 Wiggins-Teape*                                                                          Wiggins-Teape (UK)                   creped paper                                                                             and cotton                                                                             wet-strength   85                                                      linters resin                                                        Wet-strength                                                                          85 wood pulp/                                                                             acrylic                                                                               6.7 0.82                                                                               Hi-loft* PO/1615                                                                        Scott Paper Co.                      high loft viscose?                        (USA)                                paper                                                                          Wet-laid                                                                              50 viscose and                                                                            not known                                                                             4.3 0.5 Dexter*  Dexter (UK)                          nonwoven  wood pulp              R196-G5343                                    Wet-laid                                                                              50 viscose (80%)                                                                          acrylic                                                                               6.3 0.88                                                                               Tampella* K 286                                                                         Tampella (Sweden)                    nonwoven  and wood                                                                       pulp (20%)                                                           Wet-laid                                                                              60 viscose (55%)                                                                          acrylic or                                                                            6.2 0.8 Storalene*                                                                              Stora-Copparberg                     nonwoven  cotton  vinyl          610:60   (Sweden)                                       linters (40%)                                                                          acetate                                                                polyamide (5%)                                                       Wet-laid                                                                              50 Probably as                                                                            vinyl  4.2 0.8 Storalene*                                                                              Stora-Copparberg                     nonwoven  above   acetate        544.50   (Sweden)                             Dry-laid                                                                              60 viscose and                                                                            acrylic or                                                                            7.7 0.67                                                                               Honshu* P 60                                                                            Honshu Paper Co.                     nonwoven  wood pulp                                                                              styrene-                (Japan)                                                butadiene                                                                      resin                                                        Dry-laid                                                                              25 viscose acrylic                                                                               5.5 0.63                                                                               PHM 25   Bonded Fibre                         nonwoven                                  Fabrics (UK)                         Spun-bonded                                                                           44 polyester                                                                              none   5.5 0.27                                                                               Sontara* 8000                                                                           Du Pont (USA)                        nonwoven                                                                       __________________________________________________________________________

Accordingly the substrate is preferably pretreated to remove any materials associated therewith that might cause, or contribute to, streaking.

The treatment may conveniently comprise prewashing the substrate with a solvent capable of removing the impurities, before the application of the liquid composition. In some cases washing with hot to boiling demineralised water may be necessary, while in others a pre-soaking in an excess of the liquid composition itself may suffice.

Some binders used in paper and nonwoven fabrics, notably crosslinked katpolyalkylimine, do not appear to cause streaking problems, and substrates in which only this type of binder is present may not require a prewashing treatment.

The liquid cleaning composition carried by the substrate is in the form of a homogeneous aqueous solution. As well as water it may contain one or more water-miscible solvents, but the amount of non-aqueous solvent generally should not exceed 35% by weight, and is preferably within the range of from 0.1 to 15% by weight. Larger amounts of solvent can cause safety problems and may damage certain surfaces such as plastics or paintwork; the presence of limited amounts of solvent is however advantageous in decreasing the drying time of the composition and in facilitating the removal of oily soil.

Typical examples of suitable solvents are the lower aliphatic water-miscible alcohols such as ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol and so on. Other alcohols, such as tetrahydrofurfurol, may also be used. Glycols such as ethylene- and propylene glycol and glycol ethers, such as the mono- and dimethyl-, -propyl, -isopropyl, -butyl, -isobutyl ethers of di- and triethylene glycol and of analogous propylene glycols may also be used. The preferred solvents are C₂ and C₃ aliphatic alcohols, especially ethanol and isopropanol. The cellosolves and carbitols are also useful solvents in the context of the invention.

It will be recalled that the liquid cleaning composition carried by the substrate is required to have a surface tension of less than 45 mNm⁻¹, and preferably less than 35 mNm⁻¹, in order adequately to wet the surface being wiped. The lowering of surface tension (the value for water is above 70 mNm⁻¹) is conveniently achieved by including in the liquid a surface-active agent, preferably at a concentration not exceeding 1.5% by weight. Higher concentrations are unnecessary from the point of view of surface tension lowering and may cause streaking or excessive sudsing. A concentration within the range of from 0.009 to 1% by weight is preferred, and one within the range of from 0.02 to 0.2% by weight is especially preferred.

Although in principle any anionic, nonionic, cationic, zwitterionic or amphoteric surface-active agent may be used, nonionic surface-active agents, which tend to be low-foaming, are especially preferred. In general, nonionic surface-active agents consist of a hydrophobic moiety, such as C₈ -C₂₀ primary or secondary, branched or straight chain monoalcohol, a C₈ -C₁₈ mono- or dialkyphenol, a C₈ -C₂₀ fatty acid amide, and a hydrophilic moiety which consists of alkylene oxide units. These nonionic surface-active afgents are for instance alkoxylation products of the above hydrophobic moieties, containing from 2 to 30 moles of alkylene oxide. As alkylene oxides ethylene-, propylene- and butylene oxides and mixtures thereof are used.

Typical examples of such nonionic surfactants are C₉ -C₁₁ primary, straight-chain alcohols condensed with from 5-9 moles of ethylene oxide, C₁₂ -C₁₅ primary straight-chain alcohols condensed with from 6-12 moles of ethylene oxide, or with 7-9 moles of a mixture of ethylene- and propylene oxide, C₁₁ -C₁₅ secondary alcohols condensed with from 3-15 moles of ethylene oxide, and C₁₀ -C₁₈ fatty acid diethanolamides. Tertiary amine oxides such as higher alkyl di(lower alkyl or lower substituted alkyl)amine oxides, for example, lauryl di(hydroxymethyl)amine oxides, are also suitable nonionic surfactants for use in the article of the invention. Further examples may be found in N Schick's textbook "Nonionic Surfactants", M. Dekker Inc, New York, 1967. Mixtures of various nonionic surfactants may also be used.

For optimum detergency, the shorter alkyl chain length nonionic surfactants are preferred, particularly when the degree of alkoxylation is relatively low. Thus, the alkoxylated C₉ -C₁₁ alcohols are preferred over the corresponding alkoxylated C₁₂ -C₁₅ alcohols, and the C₉ -C₁₁ alcohols condensed with 5 moles of ethylene oxide are preferred over the same alcohols but condensed with 8 moles of ethylene oxide.

A class of nonionic surfactants that give good streak-free results is comprised by the condensation products of C₁₆ -C₂₀ alcohols with 15 to 20 moles of ethylene oxide. The condensation product of tallow alcohol with 18 moles of ethylene oxide is especially effective.

Anionic surfactants may also be used in the liquid composition of the article of the invention, but since these generally tend to foam more than nonionic surfactants they are generally used in smaller amounts, preferably in concentrations not exceeding 0.15% by weight. Foaming is disadvantageous because foam can leave spots as it dries.

Preferred anionic surfactants for use according to the invention are the alkyl ether sulphates, especially the sulphated condensation products of C₁₀ -C₁₈ aliphatic alcohols with 1 to 8 moles of ethylene oxide. Secondary alkane sulphonates, alkylbenzene sulphonates, soaps, dialkyl sulphosuccinates, primary and secondary alkyl sulphates, and many other anionic surfactants known to the man skilled in the art, are also possible ingredients.

It will further be recalled that the liquid composition dries, after application to a surface, substantially without the formation of discrete droplets or particles larger than 0.25 μm, and preferably without the formation of such droplets or particles larger than 0.1 μm. It is the formation of such particles or droplets, which scatter visible light, which produces streaks on the surface. Avoidance of streak formation on drying may be assisted by including in the liquid composition a film-forming component, preferably but not exclusively an organic film-forming polymer.

Examples of materials promoting streak-free drying include polyethylene glycols; see, for example, German Auslegeschrift No. 28 40 464 (Henkel); German Offenlegungsschrift No. 28 49 977 (Henkel); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,213,873 (Leisure Products Corp).

Polysiloxanes have also been used for this purpose; see, for example, Japanese Patent Application No. 72 20232 (Asahi Glass Co. Ltd).

One example of a liquid composition suitable for use in the article of the present invention is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,696,043 (Dow), which discloses a cleaning composition for glass and reflective surfaces comprising a solution of about 0.01 to 5% by weight of an anionic or nonionic detergent and about 0.03 to 2% by weight of a soluble salt of a copolymer of a monovinyl aromatic monomer and an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof.

According to a highly preferred embodiment of the invention, however, the liquid composition contains a partially esterified resin as specified in our British Patent Application No. 81 1439. This Application relates to a general purpose cleaning composition with improved non-streak and cleaning properties, comprising, in a compatible liquid medium, a nonionic surfactant and an at least partially esterified resin. In the article of the present invention, the resin may be used either alone or in conjunction with a surface-active agent.

The at least partially esterified resin preferably used in the article of the present invention can be either partly derived from natural sources or wholly synthetic in origin. An example of a resin partly derived from natural sources is the partially esterified adduct of rosin and an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid or anhydride.

Examples of wholly synthetic resins are partially esterified derivatives of copolymerisation products of mono-unsaturated aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic monomers having no carboxy groups, copolymerised with unsaturated dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides thereof. Normally, these copolymers will contain equimolar proportions of the monomer and the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride, but copolymers with higher ratios of monomer per mole of dicarboxylic acid or anhydride are also suitable, provided that they can be dissolved in the aqueous solvent system used.

Typical examples of suitable copolymers are copolymers of ethylene, styrene, and vinylmethylether with maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, aconitic acid and the like and the anhydrides thereof. Preferred are the styrene/maleic anhydride copolymers.

The partly natural or wholly synthetic resins are at least partially esterified with a suitable hydroxyl-group-containing compound. Examples of suitable compounds are aliphatic alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, ethylhexanol and decanol, glycol ethers such as the butyl ether of ethylene glycol and polyols such as ethyleneglycol, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol; and the hydroxylic nonionic surfactants mentioned above. The choice of suitable esterification agent and the degree of esterification are primarily governed by the solubility requirements of the at least partially esterified resin in an aqueous or aqueous/solvent system of the type previously described, which will generally be alkaline.

In the at least partially esterified resin, the degree of esterification is preferably such that from 5 to 95%, more preferably from 10 to 80%, and especially 20 to 75%, of the free carboxy groups of the resin are esterified with the hydroxyl-group-containing compound. The esterification may also be complete.

Suitable examples of preferred partially esterified resins are partially esterified copolymers of styrene with maleic anhydride, for example, Scripset (Trade Mark) 550 (ex Monsanto, U.S.A.); partially esterified adducts of rosin with maleic anhydride for example, SR 91 (ex Schenectady Chemicals, U.S.A.); modified polyester resins, for example, Shanco (Trade Mark) 334 (ex Shanco Plastics); and polyvinyl methylether/maleic anhydride copolymers partially esterified with butanol, for example, Gantrez (Trade Mark) ES 425 (ex GAF Corporation, U.S.A.).

Mixtures of various partially esterified resins may also be used, as well as mixtures of partially esterified and fully esterified or non-esterified resins. Thus, mixtures of Scripset 550 and SR 91, Scripset 550 and Shanco 334, and SR 91 and Shanco 334 gives good results, as well as mixtures of Scripset 550 and SMA 2000A (a non-esterified styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer ex Arco Chemical Co., U.S.A.).

The molecular weight of the resins used according to the invention may vary from about a few thousand to about a few million. The partially esterified resins should have acid numbers high enough to ensure solubility in a neutral or alkaline aqueous medium. The partially esterified resin may if necessary be hydrolysed and subsequently neutralised or made alkaline so that in normal use it is present in the cleaning compositions on the wipe of the invention as the alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium salt, or as the salt of a suitable amine or mixtures thereof.

The concentration of the film-forming resin in the liquid composition is preferably within the range of from 0.001 to 5% by weight, more preferably from 0.005 to 1% by weight. At the higher levels the resin alone may be sufficient to lower the surface tension of the composition below the limiting value of 45 mNm⁻¹.

It is preferred, however, to use both a surface-active agent, preferably nonionic or nonionic plus anionic, and a film-forming resin. In this case the weight ratio of surfactant to resin preferably lies within the range of from 15:1 to 1:2, more preferably 10:1 to 1:1.

In liquid compositions containing surface-active agents and film-forming resins, it has been found that antiresoiling benefits may be obtained by including in these compositions certain cellulose derivatives, notably hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl and carboxymethyl celluloses. These materials are generally included in amounts comparable to the amount of resin present. In repeated clean/soil cycles it has been found that the build up of soil on the wiped surface can be reduced to some extent by this measure.

The liquid composition carried by the article of the invention contains water, generally in substantial amounts. In most preferred systems it contains at least 80% water, and preferably at least 90%. In systems containing no non-aqueous solvent the water content is preferably at least 95% and may be as much as 99% or more. It is generally preferred to use demineralised water in order to minimise the possibility of streak-forming impurities; where calcium-sensitive active ingredients such as certain anionic surfactants (notably soaps and alkylbenzene sulphonates) are present this is especially important.

Accordingly it will not generally be necessary to include a builder in the liquid composition, although the presence of most soluble builders does not, apparently, cause streak formation.

On the other hand, with some active ingredients, streak-free drying is actually promoted by the hardness impurities in water. Certain nonionic surfactants, for example, when used alone in demineralised water give streaking because on drying a mist of droplets is formed. When hard water is used instead of demineralised water, however, streak-free drying can be achieved.

In addition to the various components already specified, the liquid composition on the articles of the invention may if desired contain further, optional ingredients, such as preservatives, colouring agents, perfumes and plasticizers, with, of course, the proviso that such materials do not interfere with the streak-free drying properties of the composition.

If the article of the invention is of the wet impregnated type it must of course be packaged in such a way that loss of volatile material in the cleaning composition by evaporation is substantially eliminated. The articles may, for example, be packaged individually in moisture-proof sachets, for example, of metal foil and/or plastics film. Alternatively, a continuous roll of wet substrate, perforated at intervals, can be packaged in a container with a tight closure, as is known, for example, for various personal cleaning and baby-cleaning wipes currently on the retail market.

It is also within the scope of the invention for the article to be dry up to the point of use, that is to say, with the liquid composition held or encapsulated in some way and then released at the point of use by the application of pressure. This arrangement has the advantage that no precautions need be taken to avoid loss of moisture during packaging and storage, and simple packaging as is customary for paper towels and tissues may be adequate.

The liquid may, for example, be contained in pressure-rupturable microcapsules distributed through or coated onto the substrate. An article of this general construction, for cosmetic use, is described in British Patent Specification No. 1,304,375 (L'Oreal). If the microcapsules are included in the stock from which the substrate is made, they will be distributed throughout the substrate; alternatively microcapsules may be coated onto a preformed substrate.

Alternatively, the liquid may be held within a porous polymer, as described in our British patent application No. 8,119,739. A thin layer of porous polymer may, for example, be positioned between two layers of absorbent sheet substrate sealed together at their edges; or a block of polymer may be surrounded with a layer of plastics foam, sponge material, or the like. Other arrangements will readily suggest themselves to one skilled in the art.

As mentioned previously, in use the article of the present invention is simply passed over the surface to be treated, which is then left to dry. No water is added, and no subsequent polishing with a dry cloth is necessary.

The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting Examples.

EXAMPLES 1-5

A liquid composition was made up as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                                    %                                                   ______________________________________                                         Nonionic surfactant: C.sub.9 --C.sub.11 primary straight-                                                   0.095                                             chain alcohol condensed with 5 moles of ethylene                               oxide (Dobanol 91-5 ex Shell)                                                  Partially esterified resin:partial ester of a                                                               0.01                                              styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, neutralised to                             the sodium salt (average molecular weight 10 000;                              theoretical acid number 190). (Scripset 550 ex                                 Monsanto)                                                                      Demineralised water          to 100                                            ______________________________________                                    

Pieces of the substrates listed below, each having an area of 0.1 m² (30×33.3 cm), were washed in boiling demineralised water, rinsed in cold demineralised water and allowed to dry. Each washed substrate was impregnated with the liquid composition above, to a loading of 90 g/m², equal to 1.8 times the base weight of the substrate. Corresponding controls using unwashed substrate pieces were also prepared.

Each article was then wiped once over the whole surface of a clean black glazed ceramic tile, and the tiles were then allowed to dry naturally. The results are shown in Table 2, and demonstrate the importance of prewashing the substrate to remove potentially streak-forming impurities.

                                      TABLE 2                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Substrate                                                                                  Base                 Streaking results                                         weight               Washed                                                                               Unwashed                                Example                                                                             Type   (g/m.sup.2)                                                                        Binder type                                                                           Trade Name                                                                               substrates                                                                           substrates                              __________________________________________________________________________     1    Wet-strength                                                                          50  crosslinked                                                                           Gessner-Duftex 04                                                                        No streaks                                                                           light streaks                                creped paper                                                                              katpolyalkyl-                                                                  imine                                                          2    Wet-strength                                                                          85  melamine wet                                                                          Wiggins-teape 85                                                                         No streaks                                                                           very light streaks                           creped paper                                                                              strength                                                                       resin                                                          3    Wet-laid                                                                              50  acrylic                                                                               Tampella K 286                                                                           A few fine                                                                           streaks                                      viscose/wood                streaks                                            pulp non-                                                                      woven                                                                     4    Wet-laid                                                                              60  acrylic                                                                               Storalene 610-60                                                                         A few fine                                                                           patchy streaks                               viscose/                    streaks                                            cotton/                                                                        polyamide                                                                      nonwoven                                                                  5    Spun-bonded                                                                           44  none   Sontara 8000                                                                             No steaks                                                                            fine streaks                                 polyester                                                                      nonwoven                                                                  __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLES 6-10

The test of Examples 1-5 was repeated using a different prewashing procedure for the substrates. Instead of using demineralised water, the substrates were soaked in the liquid composition, excess liquid was removed by passing the substrates between rollers, and they were then impregnated with fresh liquid from a different bath. The streaking test was carried out as described above and similar results were obtained.

EXAMPLES 11-13

Three pieces of the substrate used in Example 1 (wet-strength creped paper with crosslinked katpolyalkylimine binder, base weight 50 g/m²) were impregnated to three different loadings with the liquid composition given above, and tested as described above for streaking on a black tile.

The results were as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                Loading of                                                                     liquid composition                                                                        as multiple                                                  Example  g/m.sup.2                                                                               of base weight                                                                             Streaking results                                ______________________________________                                         11        86      1.72        no streaks                                       12       105      2.10        no streaks                                       13       120      2.40        light streaks                                    ______________________________________                                    

This shows that streaking can occur if the loading of liquid on the substrate is too high.

EXAMPLES 14-22

This Example shows the effect of the concentration of the liquid composition and the loading level on streaking. The procedure of Examples 11 to 13 was repeated using three more concentrated liquid compositions containing the same ingredients. The results are shown in Table 3. It is apparent that the lower the concentration of the active ingredients in the liquid, the higher the loadings that can be tolerated before streaking occurs.

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                                        Loading                                                         Liquid composition       as                                                           Nonionic                multiple                                               surfactant                                                                               Resin         of base                                                                               Streaking                                Example                                                                               (%)       (%)     g/m.sup.2                                                                            weight results                                  ______________________________________                                         14     0.19      0.02    80    1.60   no streaks                               15     "         "       84    1.68   slight spotting                          16     "         "       86    1.72   light streaks                            17     0.38      0.04    67.5  1.35   no streaks                               18     "         "       79    1.58   very light                                                                     streaks                                  19     "         "       81.5  1.63   light streaks                            20     0.76      0.08    62    1.24   no streaks                               21     "         "       68    1.36   very light                                                                     streaks                                  22     "         "       79.5  1.59   light streaks                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 23

An article prepared as in Example 1, with a washed substrate, was passed over a large lightly-soiled interior window until exhausted. The area that could be cleaned to give a streak-free finish using a single article was found to be approximately 2 m².

EXAMPLE 24

A liquid composition corresponding to that used in Examples 1 to 5 was prepared using, instead of Scripset 550 resin, a vinyl methyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymer partially esterified with butanol (Gantrez ES 425 ex GAF Corporation). The composition was tested for streaking using the substrate and procedure of Example 1 and gave no streaks. Use of the washing procedure of Example 6 instead of that of Example 1 also gave no streaks. With an unwashed substrate light streaking occurred.

EXAMPLES 25-34

A range of nonionic surfactants, each at a concentration of 0.1% by weight in demineralised water, was tested for streaking on prewashed substrates according to Example 1 (wet-strength creped paper, 50 g/m²) at a loading of 90 g/m² (i.e. 1.8 times the base weight). The results obtained are shown in Table 5.

While all the surfactants lowered the surface tensions of their solutions to the requisite extent, it is clear that not all these solutions dried without the formation of particles or droplets of light-scattering size when no other components were present.

                  TABLE 5                                                          ______________________________________                                                 Nonionic Surfactant                                                                              Streaking                                            Example Chemical type     results                                              ______________________________________                                         25      Tallow alcohol (C.sub.18), 18 EO                                                                 No streaks                                           26      C.sub.13 --C.sub.15 oxo alcohol, 20 EO                                                           "                                                    27      Nonyl phenol 18 EO                                                                               "                                                    28      Nonyl phenol 30 EO                                                                               "                                                    29      Nonyl phenol 9.5 EO                                                                              Light streaks                                        30      Nonyl phenol 8 EO "                                                    31      C.sub.9 --C.sub.11 linear primary                                                                "                                                            alcohol, 5 EO                                                          32      C.sub.15 (average) linear                                                                        "                                                            secondary alcohol, 15 EO                                               33      C.sub.14 --C.sub.15 linear secondary                                                             Medium streaks                                               alcohol, 7 EO                                                          34      C.sub.12 --C.sub.14 linear primary                                                               Heavy streaks                                                alcohol, 3 EO                                                          ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 35 & 36

An anionic surfactant--a C₁₂ -C₁₄ alkyl ether (3 EO) sulphate--was tested by the procedure of Examples 25 to 34 and was found to give no streaking. The material used was Empicol (Trade Mark) ESB 70 ex Albright & Wilson (UK).

Similarly a C₁₀ -C₁₂ linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (Dobs (Trade Mark) 102 ex Shell) at a concentration of 0.06% gave no streaking.

EXAMPLE 37

A 0.1% solution of the nonionic surfactant Synperonic (Trade Mark) 7 EO (ex ICI) in demineralised water was found to give substantial streaking under the conditions of Examples 25 to 36. However a 10% solution of the surfactant diluted to 0.1% in water of 40° French hardness (32° Ca, 8° Mg) gave a substantially streak-free result under the same conditions. Synperonic 7 EO is the condensation product of a C₁₃ -C₁₅ oxo alcohol (about 40-50% branched) with 7 moles of ethylene oxide.

It would appear that with some surfactants streak-free drying is promoted by the hardness impurities in water.

EXAMPLES 38 & 39

Two liquid compositions containing high foaming anionic surfactants at low concentration were prepared from the following ingredients:

    ______________________________________                                                          Example 38                                                                               Example 39                                                           (%)       (%)                                                 ______________________________________                                         C.sub.10 --C.sub.12 linear alkyl-                                                                 0.05        0.12                                            benzene sulphonate                                                             (Dobs 102 ex Shell)                                                            C.sub.12 --C.sub.15 alkyl ether                                                                   0.05        0.03                                            sulphate 3 EO                                                                  (Dobanol 25 ex Shell)                                                          Magnesium sulphate 0.008       --                                              Demineralised water to 100%                                                    ______________________________________                                    

When tested under the conditions of Example 1 (using washed substrates) both compositions gave substantially no streaking, although the composition of Example 38 left some spots from sudsing.

EXAMPLE 40

The following composition containing both anionic and nonionic surfactants and a non-aqueous solvent (ethanol) was prepared:

    ______________________________________                                                               %                                                        ______________________________________                                         Sodium di(2-ethylhexyl) sulphosuccinate                                                                0.12                                                   C.sub.11 --C.sub.15 secondary alcohol, 12 EO                                                           0.09                                                   Ethanol                 0.13                                                   Demineralised water     to 100                                                 ______________________________________                                    

When tested under the conditions of Example 1 (using a washed substrate), this composition gave a streak-free result.

EXAMPLE 41

The following composition containing a single nonionic surfactant and a relatively high proportion of a non-aqueous solvent (isopropanol) was prepared:

    ______________________________________                                                          %                                                             ______________________________________                                         Tallow alcohol 18 EO                                                                               0.1                                                        Isopropanol        10.0                                                        Ammonia (35% solution)                                                                            to pH 10                                                    Demineralised water                                                                               to 100                                                      ______________________________________                                    

It has already been shown (in Example 25) that tallow alcohol 18 EO alone in a 0.1% solution in demineralised water gives a streak-free result; this material, however, does not wet dirty glass very well. The composition of Example 41 was found to wet dirty glass moderately well and gave streak-free results on a dirty window as well as in the black tile test of Example 1.

EXAMPLE 42

A modification of the composition of Example 41 was prepared containing both anionic and nonionic surfactants and a film-forming resin as well as isopropanol and ammonia. The composition was as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                              %                                                         ______________________________________                                         C.sub.12 --C.sub.15 alkyl ether sulphate 3 EO                                                         0.1                                                     (Empicol ESB 70 ex Albright & Wilson)                                          C.sub.9 --C.sub.11 linear primary alcohol, 5 EO                                                       0.03                                                    (Dobanol 91-5 ex Shell)                                                        Partially esterified resin (Scripset 550                                                              0.01                                                    ex Monsanto)                                                                   Isopropanol            10.0                                                    Ammonia                to pH 10                                                Demineralized water    to 100                                                  ______________________________________                                    

This composition gave streak-free results in the test of Example 1. It also gave excellent results on glass soiled with a fatty soil, and on an external window.

EXAMPLE 43

The composition of Example 1 was modified by using a mixture of two nonionic surfactants and by adding a cellulosic material, Natrosol (Trade Mark) 250 g. The modified composition was as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                               %                                                        ______________________________________                                         C.sub.9 --C.sub.11 linear primary alcohol 5 EO                                                         0.06                                                   (Dobanol 91-5) ex Shell)                                                       Tallow alcohol 18 EO    0.03                                                   Partially esterified resin                                                                             0.01                                                   (Scripset 550 ex Monsanto)                                                     Hydroxyethyl cellulose with 2.5 moles of                                                               0.01                                                   substituent combined (Natrosol 250 g)                                          Demineralised water     to 100                                                 ______________________________________                                    

The pH was also adjusted to 9.0 with sodium hydroxide, to increase the cleaning power.

In the black tile test of Example 1 this composition gave excellent results.

EXAMPLE 44

A composition containing a relatively high proportion of a film-forming resin was prepared from the following ingredients:

    ______________________________________                                                                %                                                       ______________________________________                                         Ammonium salt of 50% coconut fatty acid/                                                                0.005                                                 50% oleic acid                                                                 Partially esterified resin                                                                              0.1                                                   (Scripset 550 ex Monsanto)                                                     Demineralised water      to 100                                                ______________________________________                                    

In the black tile test of Example 1 this composition gave sreak-free results. When the demineralised water was replaced by water of 40° French hardness (32° Ca/8° Mg), however, heavy streaking occurred. This would appear to be caused by the reaction of the coconut/oleic soap and the partially esterified resin with the hardness ions to form streak-forming calcium and magnesium salts.

EXAMPLES 45-50

Six commercially available general purpose cleaning compositions based on mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants and containing builders were tested, at dilutions to approximately 0.1 to 0.2% in both demineralised and 40° FH water, by the procedure of Example 1. The compositions of these materials (before dilution) are given in Table 6.

The compositions of Examples 45 to 49 were all found to give substantially streak-free results in demineralised water, but to give appreciable streaking in hard water. It will be noted that all five contain phosphate builder. It is evident from the results in demineralised water that the builder itself is not detrimental to the streak-free effect, but the hard water results show that the reaction products of phosphate builders with hardness ions constitute streak-forming impurities.

The product of Example 50, however, behaved differently; on dilution with demineralised water it gave appreciable streaking, but when diluted with 40° FH water it gave substantially streak-free results. It would appear that one or more of the components used in this formulation are inherently streak-forming but interaction with hardness ions is able to promote substantially streak-free drying.

                  TABLE 6                                                          ______________________________________                                                     EXAMPLES                                                           Component     45       46     47    48  49   50                                ______________________________________                                         Sodium alkyl benzene                                                                         3.5      10.5   7.5   --  8.0  --                                sulphonate                                                                     Sodium secondary alkane                                                                      --       --     --    9.0 --   4.5                               sulphonate                                                                     Fatty alcohol 6 EO                                                                           2.0      --     1.5   --  --   --                                Fatty alcohol 8 EO                                                                           --       2.0    --    2.5 2.0  2.0                               Sodium soap   0.5      --     2.0   --  2.5  2.0                               Sodium tripolyphosphate                                                                      --       5.0    3.0   4.5 5.0  --                                Potassium pyrophosphate                                                                      6.5      --     --    --  --   --                                Sodium citrate                                                                               --       --     --    --  --   3.2                               Sodium carbonate                                                                             --       --     --    --  --   2.8                               Urea          1.0      6.0    --    --  --   --                                Sodium xylene sulphonate                                                                     --       --     1.5   --  --   --                                Sodium sulphate                                                                              --       --     --    --  --   0.5                               Solvent       --       --     6.0   --  --   --                                Ammonia       0.5      --     --    --  --   --                                Monoethanolamine                                                                             --       --     --    --  6.0  --                                Formaldehyde  --       --     --    --  3.0  --                                water and minors to 100%                                                       ______________________________________                                    

COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE

The following composition containing a mixture of surfactants including a soap and a low cloud point nonionic surfactant, and also containing a phosphate builder, gave appreciable streaking when tested under the conditions of Example 1.

    ______________________________________                                                             %                                                          ______________________________________                                         Alkylbenzene sulphonate                                                                              0.02                                                     Coconut diethanolamide                                                                               0.035                                                    Potassium salt of coconut fatty acid                                                                 0.018                                                    Sodium tripolyphosphate                                                                              0.01                                                     Demineralised water   to 100                                                   ______________________________________                                    

The test was repeated using water of 40° French hardness (32° Ca, 8° Mg) and appreciable streaking still occurred. 

We claim:
 1. An article suitable for wiping hard surfaces to give a substantially streak-free result, said article comprising:(a) a homogeneous aqueous liquid composition having a surface tension of less than 35 mNm⁻¹, which composition when applied to a surface and allowed to dry, dries substantially without the formation of discrete droplets or particles larger than 0.25 μm, said composition including at least one surface-active agent in a concentration not exceeding 1.5% by weight of total liquid composition; (b) a substrate, for carrying said liquid composition, of a flexible sheet material selected from the group consisting of paper, woven, knitted and non-woven fabrics, the substrate being pre-washed with demineralized water or said homogeneous aqueous liquid composition;the loading of the liquid composition (a) on the substrate (b) being within the range of from 0.5 to 10 grams per gram of substrate.
 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the liquid composition (a) has a surface tension of less than 35 mNm⁻¹.
 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the liquid composition (a), when applied to a surface and allowed to dry, dries substantially without forming discrete droplets or particles larger than 0.1 μm.
 4. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate (b) is impregnated with the composition (a).
 5. The article of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises at least one sheet of paper or woven, knitted or nonwoven fabric having a base weight of from 20 to 100 g/m².
 6. The article of claim 5, wherein the substrate comprises a sheet having an area of at least 0.03 m².
 7. The article of claim 5, wherein the loading of the liquid composition on the sheet substrate is from 0.5 to 3.0 times the base weight of the substrate.
 8. The article of claim 1, wherein the liquid composition includes at least one nonionic surface-active agent.
 9. The article of claim 1, wherein the liquid composition comprises at least one film-forming resin.
 10. The article of claim 9, wherein the film-forming resin is an at least partially esterified resin.
 11. The article of claim 9, wherein the concentration of film-forming resin(s) in the liquid composition is within the range of from 0.001 to 5% by weight.
 12. The article of claim 9, wherein the liquid composition comprises one or more surface-active agents and one or more film-forming resins in a ratio of from 15:1 to 1:2.
 13. The article of claim 1, wherein the liquid composition (a) comprises not more than 35% by weight of one or more non-aqueous water-miscible solvent(s).
 14. The article of claim 13, which comprises a solvent selected the group consisting of from C₂ and C₃ aliphatic alcohols, cellosolves and carbitols.
 15. A process for the production of the article of claim 1, which includes the steps of(i) prewashing the substrate (b) with a solvent capable of removing streak-free impurities therefrom, and (ii) applying to the prewashed substrate (b) the liquid cleaning composition (a).
 16. The process of claim 15, wherein step (i) comprises washing the substrate in demineralised water.
 17. The process of claim 15, wherein step (i) comprises washing the substrate in the liquid cleaning composition (a). 